CASCADE USE OF WOOD WASTE IN MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBERBOARD PRODUCTION: RECYCLING, ADHESIVE SYSTEMS AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

This review examines the cascade use of wood waste with a specific focus on medium-density fiberboard (MDF) as a wood-based biocomposite within the circular economy. MDF is widely used in furniture, interior and construction-related applications, generating increasing amounts of production residues and post-consumer waste. Although much of this material is still directed to energy recovery, its reintegration into material cycles can extend product life cycles, reduce the demand for primary lignocellulosic raw materials and improve resource efficiency. The paper discusses the structure of MDF as a system of wood fibers and thermosetting adhesive networks, emphasizing the influence of fiber morphology, residual resin and adhesive chemistry on recyclability. Particular attention is given to hydrothermal recycling technologies, recovered fiber quality and the technological limitations of incorporating recycled fibers into new MDF panels. The role of conventional synthetic adhesives and emerging bio-based or formaldehyde-free systems is analyzed in relation to material performance and compatibility with cas-cade recycling. Key life cycle assessment trends, including biogenic carbon storage, end-of-life scenarios and methodological challenges, are also summarized. The review highlights the significant but conditional potential of MDF for cascade use.